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The Court of the Women in the TempleIn the Templeproper the females occupied, according to Jewish tradition, only a raisedgallery along three sides of the court. They were allowed to observe theceremonies but never to participate in them.
Rabbinic literaturewas filled with contempt for women. The rabbis taught that women were not to besaluted, or spoken to in the street, and they were not to be instructed in thelaw or receive an inheritance. A woman walked six paces behind her husband andif she uncovered her hair in a public place she was considered a harlot.
Women in the First Century A.D.
Jewish Single Women
In ancient Israelthe Jewish culture was one of the most male dominant cultures in the wholeworld. In ancient Judaism the woman only had rights in the home and even thatwas very limited. The man had authority over his wife and daughters establishingtheir activities and their relationships. Women were passed from the control ofher father to the control of her husband with little or no say in the matter.They were sold for a dowry settlement usually when they came of age. The Mishnahtaught that a woman was like a gentile slave who could be obtained byintercourse, money or writ (m. Qidd 1:1).
Women could notplay a significant role in the synagogue because they were levitically uncleanfor several days every month during their menstrual cycle. Women were not evencounted as members in a synagogue count. They did not recite the daily shema,they did not read the Torah in the synagogue (Ber 3:3), they were not requiredto come to any feasts or festivals, and the Mishnah says:
'The observance ofall the positive ordinances that depend on the time of year is incumbent on menbut not on women…'
Women were onlyallowed to receive very little education on religion and the main religiousinstruction in the home was given by the man and not the woman. They could notbe disciples of any great rabbi, they certainly could not travel with any rabbi.
In court a woman'stestimony was considered suspect (m. Ned. 11:10). Women also did not have theright to divorce.
Jesus the Radical
In light of what weknow about Jewish life in the first century A.D. Jesus' teaching must haveseemed very radical. He was not one to show partiality. In fact many womenfollowed Jesus… including prostitutes. There is mention of Mary Magdalene, Marythe mother of James and Joseph, the 'other Mary', the mother of the sons ofZebedee, and of course Mary and Martha. Jesus was very concerned with thetreatment of women and in fact a great portion of His ministry was in directrelationship with women. One of the first people that Jesus healed was Peter'smother (Mark 1). Jesus also healed the woman with the hemorrhage (Luke 8), Heraised the widow of Nain's son from the dead (Luke 7), He healed the Syro-Phoenicianwoman's daughter (Mark 7), and when Mary and Martha pleaded with Him He raisedLazarus from the dead (John 11).
In Jesus' teachingsHe focused on women quite often and used women as illustrations of spiritualtruths in His teachings. One woman loses a coin (Luke 15), two women aregrinding at the mill just before His return in glory (Luke 17). On his journeyto Galilee He passed through Samaria and comes to Jacob's well at Sychar andministers to a woman of questionable reputation (John 4). Jesus also ministeredto the woman caught in adultery (John 7). Notice also that many women followedJesus from Galilee to Jerusalem:
Matt 27:55-56 'And many women who followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering toHim, were there looking on from afar, among whom were Mary Magdalene, Mary themother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's sons.'
And these womenwere there at His crucifixion. After Jesus was crucified the women prepared Hisbody for burial with spices and ointments (Matt 27).
On the morning ofthe resurrection the women were the first to the tomb and the first to see therisen Lord (Matt 28).
After Jesus rosefrom the dead and ascended into heaven, He commissioned His apostles andbreathed the Holy Spirit into them. As the 120 were waiting in the Upper Room inJerusalem there is mention of Mary, the mother of her Savior, and 'the women':
Acts 1:14 'These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, withthe women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with His brothers.'
Jesus showed nopartiality to men even in the fact that He chose 12 male apostles. In Christwomen are liberated in order to serve Jesus in an equal manner.
Gal 3:28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, thereis neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.'
ReadMore about The Jerusalem Temple.
--------------------------
SomeCommentary Notes:
Dating Jewish Women
Edersheim - Themusical instruments used by the Levites were deposited in two rooms under theCourt of the Israelites, to which the access was from the Court of the Women. Ofcourse the western colonnade of this court was open. Thence fifteen easy stepsled through the so-called Gate of Nicanor into the Court of Israel. On thesesteps the Levites were wont on the Feast of Tabernacles to sing the fifteen'Psalms of Degrees,' or ascent (Psalms 120 to 134), whence some have derivedtheir name. Here, or, rather, in the Gate of Nicanor, all that was ordered to bedone 'before the Lord' took place. There the cleansed leper and the women comingfor purification presented themselves to the priests, and there also the 'waterof jealousy' was given to the suspected wife.Read More
Edersheim - Court of the Women. The Court of the Women obtained itsname, not from its appropriation to the exclusive use of women, but because theywere not allowed to proceed farther, except for sacrificial purposes. Indeed,this was probably the common place for worship, the females occupying, accordingto Jewish tradition, only a raised gallery along three sides of the court. Thiscourt covered a space upwards of 200 feet square. All around ran a simplecolonnade, and within it, against the wall, the thirteen chests, or 'trumpets,'for charitable contributions were placed.
'The observance ofall the positive ordinances that depend on the time of year is incumbent on menbut not on women…'
Women were onlyallowed to receive very little education on religion and the main religiousinstruction in the home was given by the man and not the woman. They could notbe disciples of any great rabbi, they certainly could not travel with any rabbi.
In court a woman'stestimony was considered suspect (m. Ned. 11:10). Women also did not have theright to divorce.
Jesus the Radical
In light of what weknow about Jewish life in the first century A.D. Jesus' teaching must haveseemed very radical. He was not one to show partiality. In fact many womenfollowed Jesus… including prostitutes. There is mention of Mary Magdalene, Marythe mother of James and Joseph, the 'other Mary', the mother of the sons ofZebedee, and of course Mary and Martha. Jesus was very concerned with thetreatment of women and in fact a great portion of His ministry was in directrelationship with women. One of the first people that Jesus healed was Peter'smother (Mark 1). Jesus also healed the woman with the hemorrhage (Luke 8), Heraised the widow of Nain's son from the dead (Luke 7), He healed the Syro-Phoenicianwoman's daughter (Mark 7), and when Mary and Martha pleaded with Him He raisedLazarus from the dead (John 11).
In Jesus' teachingsHe focused on women quite often and used women as illustrations of spiritualtruths in His teachings. One woman loses a coin (Luke 15), two women aregrinding at the mill just before His return in glory (Luke 17). On his journeyto Galilee He passed through Samaria and comes to Jacob's well at Sychar andministers to a woman of questionable reputation (John 4). Jesus also ministeredto the woman caught in adultery (John 7). Notice also that many women followedJesus from Galilee to Jerusalem:
Matt 27:55-56 'And many women who followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering toHim, were there looking on from afar, among whom were Mary Magdalene, Mary themother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's sons.'
And these womenwere there at His crucifixion. After Jesus was crucified the women prepared Hisbody for burial with spices and ointments (Matt 27).
On the morning ofthe resurrection the women were the first to the tomb and the first to see therisen Lord (Matt 28).
After Jesus rosefrom the dead and ascended into heaven, He commissioned His apostles andbreathed the Holy Spirit into them. As the 120 were waiting in the Upper Room inJerusalem there is mention of Mary, the mother of her Savior, and 'the women':
Acts 1:14 'These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, withthe women and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with His brothers.'
Jesus showed nopartiality to men even in the fact that He chose 12 male apostles. In Christwomen are liberated in order to serve Jesus in an equal manner.
Gal 3:28 There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, thereis neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.'
ReadMore about The Jerusalem Temple.
--------------------------
SomeCommentary Notes:
Dating Jewish Women
Edersheim - Themusical instruments used by the Levites were deposited in two rooms under theCourt of the Israelites, to which the access was from the Court of the Women. Ofcourse the western colonnade of this court was open. Thence fifteen easy stepsled through the so-called Gate of Nicanor into the Court of Israel. On thesesteps the Levites were wont on the Feast of Tabernacles to sing the fifteen'Psalms of Degrees,' or ascent (Psalms 120 to 134), whence some have derivedtheir name. Here, or, rather, in the Gate of Nicanor, all that was ordered to bedone 'before the Lord' took place. There the cleansed leper and the women comingfor purification presented themselves to the priests, and there also the 'waterof jealousy' was given to the suspected wife.Read More
Edersheim - Court of the Women. The Court of the Women obtained itsname, not from its appropriation to the exclusive use of women, but because theywere not allowed to proceed farther, except for sacrificial purposes. Indeed,this was probably the common place for worship, the females occupying, accordingto Jewish tradition, only a raised gallery along three sides of the court. Thiscourt covered a space upwards of 200 feet square. All around ran a simplecolonnade, and within it, against the wall, the thirteen chests, or 'trumpets,'for charitable contributions were placed.
Mark 12:41-44 'Now Jesus sat opposite the treasury and saw how the peopleput money into the treasury. And many who were rich put in much. Then onepoor widow came and threw in two mites, which make a quadrans. So He calledHis disciples to Himself and said to them, 'Assuredly, I say to you thatthis poor widow has put in more than all those who have given to thetreasury; for they all put in out of their abundance, but she out of herpoverty put in all that she had, her whole livelihood.'
TheJerusalem Temple
If you were to approach the Temple inJerusalem in the first century A.D. you would pass through the eastern gatewhere Jesus made His triumphal entry. Then you would come to the Court ofthe Gentiles which was a large court paved with stones of various colors. Itwas open to all comers including the cattle-dealers and the money-changerswho desecrated the Temple. This court was also called the Outer Court, theLower Court, and the rabbi's usually called it 'the Mountain of the Lord'sHouse.' All around the Temple proper was a 9 foot high terrace with stairswhich was higher than the Court of the Gentiles. It was surrounded by a 5foot high wall which was designed to keep out the gentiles. There was alsopillars in the wall at various distances (the Soreg) with inscriptions inLatin, Greek, and Hebrew, warning all gentiles to come no further underpenalty of death.
Going beyond the Court of the Gentiles and at the top of the terrace therewas a platform for about 15 feet and then there was another wall. On theeast side stood the magnificent 60 foot wide 'Gate Beautiful' mentioned inActs 3:2,10. It was also referred to as the 'Gate Susan' because itcontained a beautifully sculptured relief of the city of Susa. During thetime of the morning and evening sacrifices this great entrance was the placeof public worship.
Entering through the Susan Gate you would come to a large court called 'theCourt of the Women' not because there were only women there but becausewomen could not go beyond it. There were smaller courts with columns in thefour corners of the court.
According to the Mishnah (Middoth 2,5) the Women's Court was was just over200 feet square between bounding lines. Each court on the outside was 60feet square.
In front of these columns were the eleven treasure chests of the Temple forthe voluntary offerings of money, and there were also two at the Gate ofSusan, for the half-shekel tax. Jesus was sitting ‘opposite the treasury'when he saw the widow put into one of the containers the two copper coinswhich were all that she had (Mark 12:41-44; Lk 21:1-2).
It was near these treasure chests that the man healed of his blindness cameup to Jesus in John 8:20 and worshipped Him.
Continuing eastward there was a magnificent circular staircase and theNicanor Gate. Entering through the gate there was a narrow hall filled withbeautiful cloistered columns called 'Court of the Israelites' and it wasalso through a wall and up a flight of stairs. The Court of the Israelitessurrounded the 'Court of the Priests' which was where the altar of sacrificewas. The women could only glance over a balcony from the Court of the Womento see the ceremonies inside the Inner Court (According to Middoth).
Illustration
Introduction
Overview
Chel
Beautiful Gate
Nicanor Gate
Circular Steps
Levite Choirs
Oil of Yah Court
Nazarite Court
Leper's Chamber Court
Woodshed Court
Colonnades
Balconies
The Temple Treasury
Women
Scriptures
Dictionaries
Encyclopedias
Historical Sources
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